Ostrov\u010dek prim\u00e1tov<\/strong><\/p>\nBiotop na \u201eopi\u010dom\u201c ostrov\u010deku bol takmer z\u00a0troch \u0161tvrt\u00edn spusto\u0161en\u00fd. Ako z\u00e1zrakom kol\u00f3nia makakov katastrofu zvl\u00e1dla takmer v\u00a0plnej zostave, aj ke\u010f niektor\u00ed jej \u010dlenovia kr\u00e1tko po hurik\u00e1ne pod\u013eahli zraneniam. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina pre\u017eiv\u0161\u00edch stromov v\u0161ak zostala bez\u00a0listov a tie\u0148 sa stal nedostatkov\u00fdm tovarom. Priemern\u00e1 teplota na ostrove st\u00fapla o neuverite\u013en\u00fdch +8 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n
Hne\u010f po ni\u010divej udalosti sa zainteresovan\u00ed \u013eudia za\u010dali o \u201esvoje\u201c zvierat\u00e1 ob\u00e1va\u0165. Ve\u010f vedcom najm\u00e4 z bl\u00edzkeho\u00a0Karibsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumn\u00e9ho centra prim\u00e1tov univerzity v Portoriku, ale aj \u010fal\u0161\u00edm, ktor\u00ed\u00a0o makakoch zverejnili ve\u013ea \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed, pon\u00fakalo Cayo Santiago dlhodobo jedine\u010dn\u00e9 pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 laborat\u00f3rium. Preto sa pon\u00e1h\u013eali, aby ohrozen\u00fdm zvierat\u00e1m opravili zni\u010den\u00fd syst\u00e9m z\u00e1sobovania sladkou vodou a\u00a0zabezpe\u010dili im pr\u00edsun kal\u00f3ri\u00ed. Ani pred hurik\u00e1nom nemala polodiv\u00e1 popul\u00e1cia makakov na ostrove dostatok prirodzenej potravy a\u00a0v\u00fdskumn\u00edci ich raz za de\u0148 k\u0155mili.<\/p>\n
\u201eBolo to desiv\u00e9 obdobie,\u201c spom\u00edna neurovedec Michael Platt z\u00a0Pensylv\u00e1nskej univerzity, jeden z ved\u00facich multidisciplin\u00e1rneho t\u00edmu v\u00fdskumn\u00edkov, ktor\u00ed sleduj\u00fa \u017eivot a spr\u00e1vanie t\u00fdchto prim\u00e1tov u\u017e vy\u0161e desa\u0165 rokov. Ale hne\u010f, ako kr\u00edza pominula, si vedci uvedomili, \u017ee hurik\u00e1n im r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou vy\u0161e 200 km\/h otvoril dvere na \u010fal\u0161ie zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 v\u00fdskumy. \u201eZrazu sme mali jedine\u010dn\u00fa pr\u00edle\u017eitos\u0165 \u0161tudova\u0165 okolnosti jednej z ve\u013ek\u00fdch pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch katastrof, ktor\u00e9 so zmenou kl\u00edmy prich\u00e1dzaj\u00fa \u010doraz \u010dastej\u0161ie,\u201c skon\u0161tatoval Platt.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Hurik\u00e1n a\u00a0imunita<\/strong><\/p>\nPo takmer piatich rokoch po vy\u010d\u00ed\u0148an\u00ed hurik\u00e1nu jednu zo \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed zverejnil prest\u00ed\u017eny \u010dasopis PNAS<\/em> (Zborn\u00edk N\u00e1rodnej akad\u00e9mie vied USA). <\/em>Poznatky, ktor\u00e9 v\u00a0nej vedci zhrnuli, dokumentuj\u00fa, \u017ee katastrof\u00e1lne naru\u0161enie \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia makakov na Cayo Santiago ovplyvnilo ich imunitn\u00fd syst\u00e9m nato\u013eko, \u017ee to ur\u00fdchlilo proces ich starnutia. Pr\u00e1ca nazna\u010dila, \u017ee siln\u00e9 hurik\u00e1ny ako Maria, alebo aj in\u00e9 rozsiahle pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 \u010di in\u00e9 katastrofy m\u00f4\u017eu vies\u0165 k pred\u010dasn\u00e9mu starnutiu \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed nimi boli postihnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n\u201eV\u00a0skuto\u010dnosti boli v\u00fdchodiskov\u00fdm bodom pre v\u00fdskum vplyvu Marie na izolovan\u00fa ostrovn\u00fa kol\u00f3niu prim\u00e1tov \u0161t\u00fadie realizovan\u00e9 na \u013eu\u010foch,\u201c povedala Marina Watowich, postgradu\u00e1lna \u0161tudentka evolu\u010dnej biol\u00f3gie na Washingtonskej univerzite, spoluautorka \u0161t\u00fadie v\u00a0PNAS<\/em>. Uviedla, \u017ee jej kolegovia u\u017e predt\u00fdm zistili, \u017ee \u013eudia, ktor\u00ed pre\u017eili traumu (v\u00a0tomto pr\u00edpade \u0161lo o\u00a0vojnu), \u010dasto m\u00e1vaj\u00fa z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky: prejavuje sa u\u00a0nich chronick\u00fd z\u00e1pal n\u00edzkeho stup\u0148a, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 riziko v\u00fdskytu kardiovaskul\u00e1rnych chor\u00f4b alebo in\u00fdch riz\u00edk s\u00favisiacich s vekom. Pri niektor\u00fdch typoch traumatick\u00e9ho stresu vedci zistili n\u00e1znaky molekul\u00e1rnych zmien v bunk\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017eaj\u00fa zr\u00fdchlen\u00e9 starnutie. Nik v\u0161ak predt\u00fdm nezdokumentoval zmeny na bunkovej \u00farovni v s\u00favislosti s pr\u00edrodnou katastrofou.<\/p>\nVedcom ve\u013emi pomohol pr\u00edstup ku vz\u00e1cnemu zdroju: vzork\u00e1m krvi, ktor\u00e9 v\u00fdskumn\u00edci zvierac\u00edm obyvate\u013eom Santiaga odobrali ka\u017ed\u00fd rok e\u0161te pred katastrofou v r\u00e1mci dlhodobej \u0161t\u00fadie o tom, ako sa \u010dinnos\u0165 ich g\u00e9nov prejavuje na interakcii so soci\u00e1lnym prostred\u00edm. V\u00fdskumn\u00fd t\u00edm v\u010faka tomu mohol porovna\u0165 vzorky krvi 435 makakov rhesus pred hurik\u00e1nom s krvou odobratou 108 zvierat\u00e1m rok po udalosti.<\/p>\n
\u201eVzorky \u013eudskej krvi poch\u00e1dzaj\u00face z obdobia pred a po katastrofick\u00fdch udalostiach v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou nie s\u00fa k dispoz\u00edcii,\u201c vysvetlil behavior\u00e1lny ekol\u00f3g Daniel Blumstein z Kalifornskej univerzity v Los Angeles, ktor\u00fd sa na \u0161t\u00fadii nepodie\u013eal. Inform\u00e1cie z\u00edskan\u00e9 v\u010faka katastrofe na Cayo Santiago s\u00fa preto z\u00a0vedeck\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska nezvy\u010dajne cenn\u00e9, hoci samotn\u00fdm darcom, \u017eia\u013e, ni\u010d dobr\u00e9 nepriniesli. Vedcov zauj\u00edmal predov\u0161etk\u00fdm stav imunitn\u00fdch buniek makakov. O\u00a0bunk\u00e1ch imunitn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu je zn\u00e1me, \u017ee spolu s narastaj\u00facim vekom sa menia a \u017ee pokra\u010duj\u00face molekul\u00e1rne zmeny m\u00f4\u017eu vies\u0165 a\u017e ku chronick\u00e9mu ochoreniu. \u010eal\u0161\u00edm prvkom, ktor\u00fd oslabuje imunitn\u00fd syst\u00e9m, je stres. Siln\u00e9 alebo pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00face stresuj\u00face z\u00e1\u017eitky, ktor\u00e9 prenikn\u00fa \u010dloveku \u201epod ko\u017eu\u201c, sk\u00f4r \u010di nesk\u00f4r ved\u00fa ku chronick\u00fdm chorob\u00e1m, a tie, samozrejme, skracuj\u00fa \u017eivot.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\nPochm\u00farna matematika<\/strong><\/p>\nV\u00fdskum krvi odobranej makakom pred a\u00a0po hurik\u00e1ne predpoklady o\u00a0zmen\u00e1ch imunity nielen potvrdil, ale dokonca\u00a0v\u00fdrazne spresnil hranice, v\u00a0ktor\u00fdch sa \u0161kody na bunk\u00e1ch imunitn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu pohybuj\u00fa. Pre\u017eiv\u0161ie prim\u00e1ty toti\u017e vykazovali tak\u00e9 zmeny, akoby zostarli v\u00a0priemere o\u00a0dva roky, \u010do je adekv\u00e1tne siedmim a\u017e \u00f4smim rokom \u013eudsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota. \u201eT\u00e1to matematika je dos\u0165 pochm\u00farna,\u201c znel Plattov koment\u00e1r.<\/p>\n
Vyzer\u00e1 to tak, \u017ee hurik\u00e1n zanechal najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie stopy na bielkovin\u00e1ch tepeln\u00e9ho \u0161oku. Ide o skupinu bielkov\u00edn, ktor\u00e9 zabezpe\u010duj\u00fa spr\u00e1vnu reakciu bunky na stres ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek druhu, \u010di u\u017e ide o\u00a0vystavenie vysokej teplote, prekyslen\u00e9mu prostrediu alebo jedovatej l\u00e1tke. Bielkoviny tepeln\u00e9ho \u0161oku pom\u00e1haj\u00fa pri spr\u00e1vnom skladan\u00ed \u010fal\u0161\u00edm bielkovin\u00e1m, nevyhnutn\u00fdm aj pri reakcii na stres. Vzorky krvi odobrat\u00e9 opiciam po hurik\u00e1ne preuk\u00e1zali zn\u00ed\u017een\u00fa expresiu g\u00e9nov pre tieto bielkoviny, pri\u010dom\u00a0ten ist\u00fd jav sa vyskytuje aj pri starnut\u00ed. Zn\u00ed\u017een\u00e1 expresia prote\u00ednov\u00fdch g\u00e9nov tepeln\u00e9ho \u0161oku u \u013eud\u00ed by preto mohla zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 riziko v\u00fdskytu podobn\u00fdch neurodegenerat\u00edvnych chor\u00f4b ako Alzheimerova choroba, pod ktor\u00fa sa podpisuje pr\u00e1ve nespr\u00e1vna funkcia a\u00a0tvar bielkov\u00edn, uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa vedci v \u0161t\u00fadii.<\/p>\n
Zvierat\u00e1 vystresovan\u00e9 hurik\u00e1nom taktie\u017e vykazovali zn\u00e1mky n\u00e1rastu po\u010dtu z\u00e1palov\u00fdch imunitn\u00fdch buniek pri relat\u00edvnom poklese po\u010dtu buniek, ktor\u00e9 z\u00e1pal potl\u00e1\u010daj\u00fa. To v\u0161etko s\u00fa zmeny, ktor\u00e9 vedci zaznamenali aj v bunk\u00e1ch star\u0161\u00edch makakov. Zv\u00fd\u0161enie z\u00e1palu m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 ku\u00a0mnoh\u00fdm chronick\u00fdm chorob\u00e1m spojen\u00fdm so starnut\u00edm vr\u00e1tane ob\u00e1van\u00e9ho alzheimera, hovor\u00ed Noah Snyder-Mackler, evolu\u010dn\u00fd biol\u00f3g z Arizonskej \u0161t\u00e1tnej univerzity, jeden zo spoluautorov \u0161t\u00fadie v PNAS<\/em>. Presn\u00fd mechanizmus na molekul\u00e1rnej \u00farovni, ktor\u00fd by vysvet\u013eoval \u00fa\u010dinky pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch katastrof na zdravie a\u00a0dlhovekos\u0165, vedci zatia\u013e nepoznaj\u00fa. Veria v\u0161ak, \u017ee k\u00a0tomu prispeje nielen t\u00e1to, ale aj \u010fal\u0161ie \u0161t\u00fadie. Snyder-Mackler: \u201eKe\u010f sa n\u00e1m podar\u00ed preuk\u00e1za\u0165, \u017ee tieto molekul\u00e1rne zmeny skuto\u010dne prebiehaj\u00fa ako n\u00e1sledok siln\u00e9ho stresu, umo\u017en\u00ed n\u00e1m to n\u00e1js\u0165 niektor\u00e9 z potenci\u00e1lnych faktorov, ktor\u00e9 by mohli spomali\u0165 n\u00e1stup a v\u00fdvoj chor\u00f4b s\u00favisiacich s\u00a0vekom.\u201c<\/p>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\nP\u00f4sobiv\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky, ale…<\/strong><\/p>\nV\u00fdsledky dosiahnut\u00e9 na \u00farovni sk\u00famania buniek s\u00fa s\u00edce p\u00f4sobiv\u00e9, ale nie definit\u00edvne, povedal epidemiol\u00f3g Daniel Belsky z\u00a0Columbijskej Mailmanovej fakulty verejn\u00e9ho zdravia, ktor\u00fd sa na \u0161t\u00fadii nepodie\u013eal. Belsky upozornil, \u017ee pri meran\u00ed biologick\u00e9ho starnutia neexistuje nijak\u00fd \u201ezlat\u00fd \u0161tandard\u201c (na rozdiel napr\u00edklad od presnej \u0161k\u00e1ly merania sily vetra alebo zemetrasenia), preto treba bra\u0165 z\u00e1very \u0161t\u00fadie s\u00a0rezervou. Belsky si v\u0161ak tie\u017e mysl\u00ed, \u017ee z\u00edskan\u00e9 \u00fadaje nazna\u010duj\u00fa s\u00favislos\u0165 medzi starnut\u00edm zvierat a\u00a0reakciou ich organizmu na pre\u017eit\u00fa pr\u00edrodn\u00fa katastrofu.<\/p>\n
Nejde iba o\u00a0teoretizovanie. V\u0161eobecn\u00e9 prijatie tejto my\u0161lienky by nepochybne malo d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 d\u00f4sledky na cel\u00fa oblas\u0165 verejn\u00e9ho zdravotn\u00edctva. \u201eKe\u010f\u017ee m\u00f4\u017eeme o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165, \u017ee bud\u00facnos\u0165 prinesie ove\u013ea viac katastrof s\u00favisiacich so zmenou kl\u00edmy, upresnenie n\u00e1kladov vynakladan\u00fdch na zvl\u00e1danie podobn\u00fdch udalost\u00ed n\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed lep\u0161ie odhadn\u00fa\u0165 da\u0148, ktor\u00fa si tieto katastrofy vyberaj\u00fa, a\u00a0my budeme schopn\u00ed zasiahnu\u0165 sk\u00f4r,\u201c vysvet\u013euje evolu\u010dn\u00e1 antropologi\u010dka Jenny Tung z Dukeovej University, ktor\u00e1 sa na v\u00fdskume nepodie\u013eala.<\/p>\n
Zauj\u00edmav\u00fd je aj \u010fal\u0161\u00ed fakt: nie ka\u017ed\u00e1 opica, ktor\u00e1 vy\u010d\u00ed\u0148anie hurik\u00e1nu pre\u017eila, vykazovala zn\u00e1mky zr\u00fdchlen\u00e9ho starnutia. To je, samozrejme, optimistick\u00e9 zistenie. A\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasne aj \u010fal\u0161\u00ed \u0161tudijn\u00fd n\u00e1met pre Snydera-Macklera a jeho kolegov, ktor\u00ed sa pok\u00fasia presk\u00fama\u0165, \u010do zvy\u0161uje odolnos\u0165 niektor\u00fdch jedincov vo\u010di pr\u00edrodnej katastrofe. Nemohli by to by\u0165 napr\u00edklad silnej\u0161ie alebo po\u010detnej\u0161ie soci\u00e1lne v\u00e4zby? Tak znie minim\u00e1lne jedna z hypot\u00e9z.<\/p>\n
V\u00fdskumn\u00fd t\u00edm s \u00fa\u010das\u0165ou Platta, Snydera-Macklera a Mariny Watovich sa u\u017e podobnou problematikou zaoberal. V\u00a0\u0161t\u00fadii zverejnenej v\u00a0odbornom \u010dasopise Current Biology<\/em> vedci h\u013eadali odpovede na ot\u00e1zky typu – Ako sa zvierat\u00e1 s\u00a0takou rozsiahlou katastrofou vyrovnali? Ako prebiehala s\u00fa\u0165a\u017e o\u00a0dva hlavn\u00e9 zdroje, teda o potravu a\u00a0tie\u0148? Mohla pre\u017eit\u00e1 trauma posilni\u0165 ich spolo\u010densk\u00e9 v\u00e4zby, alebo sa naopak za\u010dali viac spolieha\u0165 na svojich najbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch, ako to robili \u013eudia v\u00a0\u010dase pand\u00e9mie Covid-19?<\/p>\n <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Michal A\u010d<\/p>\n
foto iStock<\/p>\n
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Cel\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nok si pre\u010d\u00edtate v marcovom \u010d\u00edsle MIAU (2023)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ako reaguj\u00fa na stres prim\u00e1ty? A\u00a0\u010do z\u00a0toho vypl\u00fdva pre homo sapiens? V septembri 2017 zasiahol Portoriko hurik\u00e1n Maria. T\u00e1to najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia pr\u00edrodn\u00e1 katastrofa v\u00a0dejin\u00e1ch krajiny si vy\u017eiadala 3.000 \u013eudsk\u00fdch obet\u00ed. V niektor\u00fdch \u010dastiach ostrova bolo na dlh\u00e9 mesiace preru\u0161en\u00e9 poskytovanie z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch slu\u017eieb. Devast\u00e1cia sa v\u0161ak neobmedzila iba na Portoriko. Extr\u00e9mne siln\u00fd vietor udrel aj […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":11064,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[118,106],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11062","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-marec-2023","category-veda"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11062","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11062"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11062\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11067,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11062\/revisions\/11067"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11064"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11062"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11062"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11062"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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<\/a>V septembri 2017 zasiahol Portoriko hurik\u00e1n Maria. T\u00e1to najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia pr\u00edrodn\u00e1 katastrofa v\u00a0dejin\u00e1ch krajiny si vy\u017eiadala 3.000 \u013eudsk\u00fdch obet\u00ed. V niektor\u00fdch \u010dastiach ostrova bolo na dlh\u00e9 mesiace preru\u0161en\u00e9 poskytovanie z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch slu\u017eieb. Devast\u00e1cia sa v\u0161ak neobmedzila iba na Portoriko. Extr\u00e9mne siln\u00fd vietor udrel aj na mal\u00fd ostrov\u010dek Cayo Santiago, ktor\u00fd le\u017e\u00ed asi kilometer od v\u00fdchodn\u00e9ho pobre\u017eia krajiny. Toto mal\u00e9 \u00fazemie na ploche 600 x 400 metrov je dnes domovom po\u010detnej kol\u00f3nie makakov rhesus, poch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich z\u00a0Indie. Us\u00eddlili sa tam v roku 1938 a\u00a0dnes ich tam \u017eije okolo 1.500. Vedci, ktor\u00ed im dlhodobo venuj\u00fa zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fa pozornos\u0165, v\u010faka hurik\u00e1nu mohli zbl\u00edzka presk\u00fama\u0165 vplyv pr\u00edrodnej katastrofy na soci\u00e1lny \u017eivot t\u00fdchto hrav\u00fdch, ale ob\u010das aj agres\u00edvnych zvierat. Maria v\u00fdskumn\u00edkom dokonca umo\u017enila nahliadnu\u0165 aj hlb\u0161ie, do biologick\u00fdch pochodov na bunkovej \u00farovni, ktor\u00e9 katastrofa spustila v\u00a0organizmoch relat\u00edvne vo\u013ene \u017eij\u00facich zvierat.<\/p>\n