{"id":4854,"date":"2017-10-26T09:23:17","date_gmt":"2017-10-26T07:23:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/?p=4854"},"modified":"2017-10-26T09:23:17","modified_gmt":"2017-10-26T07:23:17","slug":"dotkli-sa-srdca","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/dotkli-sa-srdca\/","title":{"rendered":"Dotkli sa srdca"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u013dudsk\u00e9 srdce je usilovn\u00fd robotn\u00edk, ktor\u00fd udrie v\u00a0priemere 37 mili\u00f3n r\u00e1z za rok. Len\u017ee, \u010do ak sa unav\u00ed, zastav\u00ed alebo ochorie? A\u00a0rozhodne sa \u201evzda\u0165 to\u201c sk\u00f4r, ako je n\u00e1m mil\u00e9? Pred polstoro\u010d\u00edm by mu nebolo pomoci, medzit\u00fdm sa v\u0161ak na\u0161li \u201epionieri srdca\u201c, ktor\u00ed vymysleli \u010di spravili pre \u013eudsk\u00e9 srdce nie\u010do unik\u00e1tne. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Christiaan Barnard (1922 – 2001)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u010co urobil ako prv\u00fd: <\/strong>Transplantoval \u013eudsk\u00e9 srdce.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u010co povedal o\u00a0srdci: <\/strong>\u201eJe nepochybne lep\u0161ie srdce transplantova\u0165, ako ho pochova\u0165, nech ho pohltia \u010dervy.\u201c<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Mlad\u00e9 srdce<\/strong><\/p>\n

Christiaan, alebo Chris, ako mu odmali\u010dka vravievali, pri\u0161iel na svet 8. novembra 1922 v\u00a0juhoafrickej polop\u00fa\u0161ti Karoo, v\u00a0meste\u010dku Beaufort West. Jeho skromn\u00ed rodi\u010dia, ktor\u00fdch finan\u010dn\u00e1 situ\u00e1cia bola viac ako nap\u00e4t\u00e1 (otec Adam bol mision\u00e1r a\u00a0matka pom\u00e1hala v\u00a0kostole hrou na organe), sa v\u0161ak ka\u017ed\u00e9mu \u010fal\u0161iemu die\u0165a\u0165u v\u00a0rodine pote\u0161ili. Len jedin\u00fd raz ich rados\u0165 skalil hlbok\u00fd \u017eia\u013e, ke\u010f Chrisov star\u0161\u00ed brat ne\u010dakane zomrel ako p\u00e4\u0165ro\u010dn\u00fd na vroden\u00fa chybu srdca. Bratova smr\u0165 sa pre Chrisa stala nesk\u00f4r celo\u017eivotnou v\u00fdzvou: stane sa lek\u00e1rom, ktor\u00fd bude zachra\u0148ova\u0165 \u013eudsk\u00e9 \u017eivoty! Zn\u00e1my v\u00fdnimo\u010dn\u00fdmi \u0161tudijn\u00fdmi v\u00fdsledkami i\u00a0fotografickou pam\u00e4\u0165ou u\u017e ako mlad\u00fd \u0161tudent medic\u00edny pracoval v\u00a0nemocnici Groote Schuur na oddelen\u00ed chirurgie. Ke\u010f sa ho jeho profesor jedn\u00e9ho d\u0148a op\u00fdtal, \u010di by nesk\u00fasil praktick\u00fa chirurgiu na univerzite v Minnesote u\u00a0profesora Wangensteena, Chris a nad\u0161ene s\u00fahlasil. Po \u00f4smich mesiacoch na univerzite raz prech\u00e1dzal okolo laborat\u00f3ria, kde jeho americk\u00ed kolegovia z\u00a0kardiochirurgie pr\u00e1ve experimentovali s\u00a0novoobjaven\u00fdm pr\u00edstrojom na mimotelov\u00fd krvn\u00fd obeh. Tento vyn\u00e1lez sp\u00f4sobil v\u00a0kardiochirurgii doslova revol\u00faciu, preto\u017ee v\u010faka nemu sa mohli realizova\u0165 oper\u00e1cie na otvorenom srdci. Predstavte si to: \u013eudsk\u00e9 srdce, ke\u010f\u017ee nikdy nie je v\u00a0pokoji, treba nejako \u201ezastavi\u0165\u201c, aby sa chirurgovi mohlo \u013eah\u0161ie pracova\u0165, reza\u0165, prip\u00e1ja\u0165, odp\u00e1ja\u0165, zo\u0161\u00edva\u0165. Lek\u00e1ri pri\u0161li na to, \u017ee ke\u010f sa srdce podchlad\u00ed, prestane bi\u0165 a iba sa jemne chveje. Za ten \u010das, k\u00fdm je vyraden\u00e9 z\u00a0norm\u00e1lnej \u010dinnosti, krvn\u00fd obeh riadi tzv. umel\u00e9 srdce, ak\u00e1si krvn\u00e1 pumpa, ktor\u00e1 priv\u00e1dza okysli\u010den\u00fa krv ku\u00a0tkaniv\u00e1m a\u00a0org\u00e1nom a\u00a0odv\u00e1dza krv odkysli\u010den\u00fa. Doktor Gott z\u00a0americk\u00e9ho t\u00edmu Chrisa poprosil, \u010di by pri tomto experimente nezasko\u010dil za jeho chor\u00e9ho asistenta a\u00a0toto nepl\u00e1novan\u00e9 stretnutie s\u00a0mimotelov\u00fdm obehom napokon sp\u00f4sobilo, \u017ee doktor Barnard presedlal z praktickej chirurgie na kardiochirurgiu.<\/p>\n

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Skalpel, pros\u00edm! <\/strong><\/p>\n

Chris z\u00edskal v\u00a0Minnesotre grant, a\u00a0ten mu umo\u017enil pracova\u0165 pod veden\u00edm svetozn\u00e1meho chirurga C. Waltona Lilleheiho, jedn\u00e9ho zo svetov\u00fdch odborn\u00edkov, ktor\u00ed sk\u00famali, ako vykona\u0165 transplant\u00e1ciu \u013eudsk\u00e9ho srdca. Medzit\u00fdm, spolo\u010dne s\u00a0Chrisom vykonali nieko\u013eko \u201eopen heart\u201c z\u00e1krokov (na otvorenom srdci) na zvierat\u00e1ch, v\u00a0ktor\u00fdch Barnard pokra\u010doval aj po n\u00e1vrate do Ju\u017enej Afriky a bol prv\u00fd, kto vo svojej krajine pri oper\u00e1cii otvoren\u00e9ho srdca pou\u017eil pr\u00edstroj na mimotelov\u00fd obeh (naz\u00fdva sa aj pr\u00edstroj srdce-p\u013e\u00faca). Mimochodom, v\u00a0Ju\u017enej Afrike mu patr\u00ed aj prvenstvo pri transplant\u00e1cii obli\u010diek.<\/p>\n

Transplant\u00e1ciu srdca predt\u00fdm realizoval na takmer p\u00e4\u0165desiatich psoch. Takisto pozorne \u0161tudoval a tr\u00e9noval chirurgick\u00e9 postupy, ktor\u00e9 mali \u010do najlep\u0161ie a naj\u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161ie vy\u017eivova\u0165 srdce – pomocou pr\u00edstroja na krvn\u00fd obeh, ktor\u00fd pracoval dovtedy, k\u00fdm nov\u00e9 srdce nebolo schopn\u00e9 prevzia\u0165 v\u0161etky svoje funkcie. Chris a\u00a0jeho t\u00edm sa rozhodli neoperova\u0165 nikoho s\u00a0\u010diernou ple\u0165ou, aby nik nemohol namieta\u0165, \u017ee robili pokusy na \u010dernochoch. Jeho pacientom sa stal Louis Washkansky, 55-ro\u010dn\u00fd \u201echlap ako hora\u201c, ktor\u00fd prekonal tri infarkty, trpel sk\u00f4rnaten\u00edm tepien a srdcovou vydutinou, ktor\u00e1 jeho chor\u00e9 srdce zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ila na dvojn\u00e1sobok. A na obzore sa \u010doskoro objavil aj prv\u00fd vhodn\u00fd darca, srdce v\u0161ak bolo od \u010dierneho pacienta, a\u00a0tak museli \u010daka\u0165 na \u010fal\u0161ie. 3. decembra 1967 sa v\u00a0opera\u010dnej s\u00e1le dalo nap\u00e4tie kr\u00e1ja\u0165 skalpelom. Na opera\u010dnom stole le\u017eal \u0165a\u017eko chor\u00fd Louis Washkansky, 31 krokov od neho na inom l\u00f4\u017eku 25-ro\u010dn\u00e1 bankov\u00e1 \u00faradn\u00ed\u010dka Denise Darwallov\u00e1, ktor\u00fa zrazil opit\u00fd vodi\u010d. Mlad\u00e1 \u017eena utrpela frakt\u00faru lebky, zlomeniny kost\u00ed, no bola st\u00e1le na\u017eive. V\u00a0nemocnici v\u0161ak jej mozog prehl\u00e1sili za m\u0155tvy a\u00a0jej odv\u00e1\u017ene srdce malo poputova\u0165 do hrude nezn\u00e1meho \u010dloveka.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Robert Jarvik (71)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u010co urobil ako prv\u00fd: <\/strong>Zostrojil prv\u00e9 umel\u00e9 \u013eudsk\u00e9 srdce.<\/p>\n

\u010co povedal o\u00a0srdci: <\/strong>\u201eVedel som, \u017ee m\u00f4j otec umiera, a\u00a0tak som sa sna\u017eil vymyslie\u0165 pre\u0148ho nov\u00e9 srdce.\u201c<\/p>\n

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Mlad\u00e9 srdce <\/strong><\/p>\n

Robert, ktor\u00fd pri\u0161iel na svet 11. m\u00e1ja 1946 v\u00a0Michigane, mal svoj osud vlo\u017een\u00fd priamo do vienka. Bol toti\u017e synom lek\u00e1ra a otcovi ne\u00fanavne \u201easistoval\u201c u\u017e ako mlad\u00edk, ke\u010f sa spolu s\u00a0n\u00edm \u010doraz \u010dastej\u0161ie objavoval v\u00a0opera\u010dn\u00fdch s\u00e1lach. Nel\u00e1kalo ho v\u0161ak otv\u00e1ra\u0165 \u013eudsk\u00e9 tel\u00e1 a\u00a0opravova\u0165, vymie\u0148a\u0165 \u010di za\u0161\u00edva\u0165, l\u00e1kala ho predstava, \u017ee skon\u0161truuje \u010dosi, \u010do bude lek\u00e1rom u\u013eah\u010dova\u0165 ich pr\u00e1cu. Bol e\u0161te len t\u00edned\u017eer, ke\u010f vyna\u0161iel chirurgick\u00fa zo\u0161\u00edva\u010dku a\u00a0in\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje, dodnes v\u00a0medic\u00edne \u00faspe\u0161ne pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Ke\u010f napokon prejavil z\u00e1ujem \u0161tudova\u0165 medic\u00ednu, \u017eiadnej univerzite nebol so svojimi diplomami dos\u0165 dobr\u00fd, a\u00a0tak sa zap\u00edsal na lek\u00e1rsku fakultu v\u00a0talianskej Bologni. Vydr\u017eal tam dva roky, aby sa vr\u00e1til domov a\u00a0v\u00a0New Yorku z\u00edskal titul magistra z\u00a0biomechaniky. Medzit\u00fdm sa v\u0161ak stalo \u010dosi, \u010do ho prin\u00fatilo prem\u00fd\u0161\u013ea\u0165 o\u00a0\u010fal\u0161om \u0161t\u00fadiu a\u00a0smerovan\u00ed svojho \u017eivota: \u201eBol som e\u0161te na \u0161kole, ke\u010f otca vzali pre probl\u00e9my so srdcom do nemocnice. Okam\u017eite ho operovali a\u00a0zachr\u00e1nili, vo mne v\u0161ak jeho zdravotn\u00fd stav prebudil obrovsk\u00fd z\u00e1ujem o\u00a0srdce ako tak\u00e9.\u201c To u\u017e bol celkom dobr\u00fd z\u00e1klad, aby sa e\u0161te raz pok\u00fasil o\u00a0\u0161t\u00fadium medic\u00edny a\u00a0tentoraz to vy\u0161lo: lek\u00e1rsky diplom z\u00edskal v\u00a0roku 1976 ako \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd absolvent univerzity v\u00a0Salt Lake City, zn\u00e1mej v\u00fdskumami v\u00a0oblasti umel\u00fdch \u013eudsk\u00fdch org\u00e1nov. Jeho mentor Willem J. Kolff, riadite\u013e oddelenia umel\u00fdch org\u00e1nov na univerzite a priekopn\u00edk hemodial\u00fdzy, ho nechal vo svojom laborat\u00f3riu \u0161tudova\u0165 na zvierat\u00e1ch testovan\u00e9 pneumatick\u00e9 umel\u00e9 srdce, ktor\u00e9 v\u0161ak vykazovalo mno\u017estvo z\u00e1sadn\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov a\u00a0fungovalo iba kratu\u010dk\u00fdch 10 dn\u00ed. Napokon sa \u00faplne vzdal praxe lek\u00e1ra (vlastne nikdy ako lek\u00e1r ani nep\u00f4sobil) a\u00a0s\u0165aby dizajn\u00e9r umel\u00fdch org\u00e1nov sa s\u00a0nad\u0161en\u00edm pustil do pr\u00e1ce. Umel\u00e9 srdce Jarvik 7 malo dve \u010derpadl\u00e1, podobn\u00e9 srdcov\u00fdm komor\u00e1m. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 polyuret\u00e1nov\u00e1 komora obsahovala mechanizmus, poh\u00e1\u0148aj\u00faci \u013eudsk\u00fa krv od vstupn\u00e9ho ventilu k\u00a0v\u00fdstupn\u00e9mu, s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou srdca v\u0161ak bolo aj nieko\u013eko dr\u00f4tov, ktor\u00e9 mali tr\u010da\u0165 z\u00a0tela pacienta, aby mohlo by\u0165 zariadenie v\u00a0\u013eudskej hrudi nap\u00e1jan\u00e9 z\u00a0ve\u013ekej externej jednotky. Jarvik svoje umel\u00e9 srdce testoval na krav\u00e1ch a\u00a0in\u00fdch zvierat\u00e1ch, aby si overil, \u010di je schopn\u00e9 bez poruchy udrie\u0165 aspo\u0148 stotis\u00edc r\u00e1z denne.<\/p>\n

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Skalpel, pros\u00edm!<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00a0kalend\u00e1ri svieti d\u00e1tum 2. december 1982 a zub\u00e1r Barney Clark zo Seattlu v\u00a0USA dostane o\u00a0chv\u00ed\u013eu nov\u00e9 srdce. M\u00e1 61 rokov a\u00a0je ide\u00e1lnym adeptom na unik\u00e1tny z\u00e1krok, trp\u00ed toti\u017e chronick\u00fdm zlyh\u00e1van\u00edm srdca, \u010do ho vysi\u013euje do tej miery, \u017ee u\u017e neprejde ani p\u00e1r metrov zo sp\u00e1lne do k\u00fape\u013ene. Na to, aby dostal transplant\u00e1t od in\u00e9ho \u010dloveka, je pr\u00edli\u0161 chor\u00fd, jedin\u00fdm rie\u0161en\u00edm je umel\u00e9 srdce. Pred oper\u00e1ciou sa nech\u00e1va po\u010du\u0165, \u017ee ned\u00fafa, \u017ee s\u00a0umel\u00fdm srdcom pre\u017eije viac ako nieko\u013eko dn\u00ed, av\u0161ak ver\u00ed, \u017ee tento krok, prirovn\u00e1van\u00fd k\u00a0tomu prv\u00e9mu \u013eudsk\u00e9mu na Mesiaci, zachr\u00e1ni v\u00a0bud\u00facnosti \u010fal\u0161ie \u017eivoty.<\/p>\n

\u0160\u00e9f opera\u010dn\u00e9ho t\u00edmu, kardiochirurg William DeVries z\u00a0nemocnice v Salt Lake City je pripraven\u00fd odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 star\u00e9 Barneyho srdce, spusto\u0161en\u00e9 dlhoro\u010dn\u00fdm u\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm steroidov (jeho steny boli tak\u00e9 tenk\u00e9, \u017ee sa dali pretrhn\u00fa\u0165 s\u0165a hodv\u00e1bny papier) a\u00a0nahradi\u0165 ho nov\u00fdm srdcom Jarvik 7. Srdce z\u00a0lamin\u00e1tu a\u00a0polyuret\u00e1nu vyrobil Robert Jarvik e\u0161te v\u00a0roku 1970, k\u00fdm v\u0161ak skon\u010dilo v\u00a0hrudn\u00edku Barneyho Clarka, ubehlo dlh\u00fdch 12 rokov, po\u010das ktor\u00fdch toto z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00e9 zariadenie lek\u00e1ri Kolff a\u00a0Olsen neust\u00e1le \u010d\u00edmsi vylep\u0161ovali. \u201eBol som absol\u00fatne presved\u010den\u00fd, \u017ee bude fungova\u0165, inak by som do toho ne\u0161iel,\u201c prehl\u00e1sil na margo z\u00e1kroku DeVries. \u201eA keby som bol v\u00a0Barneyho ko\u017ei, urobil by som to ist\u00e9. Predt\u00fdm som voperoval umel\u00e9 srdce asi dvesto te\u013eat\u00e1m a\u00a0vodilo sa im dobre, navy\u0161e som mal za sebou perfektn\u00fd t\u00edm.\u201c Oper\u00e1cia trvala 12 hod\u00edn. Niektor\u00ed ozna\u010dili Clarka za \u201epokusn\u00e9 \u201emor\u010da\u201c a\u00a0cel\u00fd z\u00e1krok za neetick\u00fd v\u00fdmysel, in\u00ed zasa verili, \u017ee nast\u00e1va doba, kedy bude v\u00fdmena chor\u00e9ho srdca za umel\u00e9 celkom be\u017en\u00e1. Lek\u00e1ri v\u0161ak boli nanajv\u00fd\u0161 opatrn\u00ed…<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Wilson Greatbatch (1919 – 2011)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u010co urobil ako prv\u00fd: <\/strong>Bol notorick\u00fd vyn\u00e1lezca, ale jeho naj\u00fa\u017easnej\u0161\u00edm objavom bol prv\u00fd implantovate\u013en\u00fd kardiostimul\u00e1tor.<\/p>\n

\u010co povedal o\u00a0srdci: <\/strong>\u201eV\u00e1\u017ene pochybujem, \u017ee e\u0161te poc\u00edtim v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu euf\u00f3riu, ako v\u00a0de\u0148, ke\u010f m\u00f4j mal\u00fd vyn\u00e1lez prevzal kontrolu nad \u017eiv\u00fdm srdcom.\u201c<\/p>\n

Mlad\u00e9 srdce<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ke\u010f mal p\u00e4\u0165, vzal do r\u00fak prv\u00fd raz harmoniku a\u00a0vyl\u00fadil z nej prazvl\u00e1\u0161tne \u0161kr\u00edpav\u00e9 zvuky, na hony vzdialen\u00e9 od hudby. Av\u0161ak nevzdal sa a hoci ho to nik neu\u010dil, onedlho dok\u00e1zal zahra\u0165 mel\u00f3die, pripom\u00ednaj\u00face spev vt\u00e1ka. Hudba ho fascinovala. Vyrastal v\u00a0dobe, kedy \u013eud\u00ed opantalo bezdr\u00f4tov\u00e9 r\u00e1dio – nevidite\u013en\u00e9 vlny, ktor\u00e9 odkia\u013esi z\u00a0nezn\u00e1ma pr\u00fadili do dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed a\u00a0prin\u00e1\u0161ali so sebou zvuky i\u00a0hlasy. \u201eMysl\u00edm, \u017ee ma pri\u0165ahovala pr\u00e1ve t\u00e1 myst\u00e9ria. Nie\u010do, \u010do sa nedalo vidie\u0165 ani c\u00edti\u0165.\u201c Wilson ve\u013emi skoro zostavil vlastn\u00fd prij\u00edma\u010d kr\u00e1tkych r\u00e1diov\u00fdch v\u013an (hlasy s\u00a0britsk\u00fdm akcentom ho v\u0161ak presved\u010dili, \u017ee sa dostal poriadne \u010faleko). V\u00a0\u0161estn\u00e1stich pre\u0161iel n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdm testom, z\u00edskal licenciu r\u00e1dioamat\u00e9ra a\u00a0chcel sa prida\u0165 k\u00a0n\u00e1morn\u00fdm skautom, ktor\u00ed vlastnili r\u00e1diostanicu. Pl\u00e1ny mu v\u0161ak skr\u00ed\u017eila druh\u00e1 svetov\u00e1 vojna. Pripojil sa k\u00a0americk\u00e9mu n\u00e1morn\u00edctvu a\u00a0za to, \u017ee pre\u017eil (polovica jeho pos\u00e1dky po\u010das bojov zahynula), pod\u013ea v\u0161etk\u00e9ho mohla biblia, ktor\u00fa nosil v\u00a0zadnom vrecku nohav\u00edc. Po vojne sa vr\u00e1til do Buffala, prihl\u00e1sil sa na univerzitu a\u00a0okrem toho, \u017ee \u0161tudoval matematiku, fyziku a\u00a0ch\u00e9miu, spravoval miestnu r\u00e1diostanicu. Spolupodie\u013eal sa aj na projekte monitorovania krvn\u00e9ho tlaku a\u00a0frekvencie srdca na dobytku –\u00a0tam pri\u0161iel na pretras probl\u00e9m, ktor\u00fd dvaja lek\u00e1ri definovali ako \u201esrdcov\u00fd blok\u201c: prirodzen\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 impulzy srdca sa niekde na ceste z\u00a0jeho hornej \u010dasti do dolnej preru\u0161ia alebo zoslabn\u00fa, a\u00a0to vyvol\u00e1va d\u00fdchavi\u010dnos\u0165, stratu vedomia alebo dokonca smr\u0165. \u201eV\u00a0rozhlasovej terminol\u00f3gii by som to nazval chybou nedostato\u010dn\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu. A\u00a0ja som vedel, \u017ee ju dok\u00e1\u017eem opravi\u0165.\u201c<\/p>\n

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Skalpel, pros\u00edm! <\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00a0tom \u010dase e\u0161te netu\u0161il, \u017ee kdesi v\u00a0Bostone \u017eije Paul Zoll, ktor\u00fd zmajstroval prv\u00fd mimotelov\u00fd kardiostimul\u00e1tor, ve\u013ek\u00fd ako skrinka. T\u00e1 sa zap\u00e1jala do pr\u00fadu, a\u00a0s\u00edce zachr\u00e1nila nieko\u013eko \u017eivotov, ale jej elektro\u0161oky boli bolestiv\u00e9 a\u00a0p\u00e1lili ko\u017eu na tele. Netu\u0161il ani, \u017ee po Zollovi vymysl\u00ed ist\u00fd Earl Bakken extern\u00fd kardiostimul\u00e1tor na baterky. Wilson pracoval na univerzite v\u00a0Buffale a\u00a0v\u00a0in\u0161tit\u00fate chronick\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed prebdel hodiny nad kon\u0161trukciou stroja, zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00faceho srdcov\u00e9 ozvy. Pri testovan\u00ed osciloskopu v\u0161ak omylom zamenil hodnotu jedn\u00e9ho rezistora a\u00a0pr\u00edstroj za\u010dal pulzova\u0165 v\u00a0intervale, ktor\u00fd mu okam\u017eite pripomenul zn\u00e1me dum – bum, dum – bum! Uvedomil si, \u017ee tento mal\u00fd pr\u00edstroj dok\u00e1\u017ee riadi\u0165 \u013eudsk\u00e9 srdce, no nebol si ist\u00fd, \u010di n\u00e1jde chirurga, ktor\u00fd by jeho \u0161ialen\u00e9mu n\u00e1padu d\u00f4veroval. Napokon ho mal priamo pod nosom – v\u00a0nemocnici v\u00a0Buffale spoznal doktora Williama Chardacka, ktor\u00fd my\u0161lienke implantovate\u013en\u00e9ho kardiostimul\u00e1tora s\u00a0rados\u0165ou uveril. V\u00a0m\u00e1ji 1958 spravili prv\u00e9 testy na laborat\u00f3rnom psovi a\u00a0ke\u010f sa zvieracie srdce synchr\u00f3nne rozb\u00fachalo v\u00a0rytme Greatbatchovho pr\u00edstroja, doktor Chardack zahl\u00e1sil: \u201eNu\u017e, tak budem prekliaty.\u201c Mot\u00fdl\u00ed t\u00edm, ako t\u00fdch dvoch volali (do pr\u00e1ce nosili pod krkom mot\u00fdlika, vraj preto, lebo deti mali vo zvyku \u0165aha\u0165 lek\u00e1rov za kravaty), prijal medzi seba e\u0161te doktora Gagea a za\u010dal s\u00a0dlhoro\u010dn\u00fdm experimentom, na konci ktor\u00e9ho dr\u017eali v\u00a0ruk\u00e1ch implantovate\u013en\u00fd kardiostimul\u00e1tor pripraven\u00fd na \u201eostr\u00fd \u0161tart\u201c.<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Ren\u00e9 Favaloro (1923 – 2000)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u010co urobil ako prv\u00fd: <\/strong>Vykonal prevratn\u00fa oper\u00e1ciu srdca – bajpas (by-pass) za pou\u017eitia \u017eiln\u00e9ho \u0161tepu z\u00a0nohy.<\/p>\n

\u010co povedal o\u00a0srdci: <\/strong>\u201ePo prv\u00fdch 20 – 30 oper\u00e1ci\u00e1ch som u\u017e o\u00a0tomto z\u00e1kroku nemal \u017eiadne pochybnosti.\u201c<\/p>\n

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Mlad\u00e9 srdce<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rodiskom Ren\u00e9ho Geronima Favalora, vnuka talianskych pris\u0165ahovalcov, bola Argent\u00edna. Narodil sa 14. j\u00fala 1923 a vyrastal v\u00a0skromn\u00fdch podmienkach v\u00a0meste La Plata. Otec bol stol\u00e1r, matka kraj\u010d\u00edrka, jedin\u00fdm vysoko\u0161kolsky vzdelan\u00fdm \u010dlenom rodiny bol str\u00fdko Artur, ktor\u00fd pracoval ako lek\u00e1r. A\u00a0Ren\u00e9, ktor\u00fd so str\u00fdkom absolvoval jeho ka\u017edodenn\u00e9 poch\u00f4dzky po pacientoch, si u\u017e v\u00a0chlap\u010denskom veku zaumienil, \u017ee raz p\u00f4jde v\u00a0rovnak\u00fdch \u0161\u013eapajach.<\/p>\n

Medic\u00ednu vy\u0161tudoval v\u00a0La Plata a\u00a0s\u00a0diplomom v\u00a0ruke (bol jedn\u00fdm z\u00a0najlep\u0161\u00edch \u0161tudentov v\u00a0ro\u010dn\u00edku) prijal ponuku zast\u00fapi\u0165 kolegu na mieste provin\u010dn\u00e9ho lek\u00e1ra v\u00a0Jacinto Ar\u00e1uz, 500 km z\u00e1padne od Buenos Aires, kde napokon \u201eskysol\u201c na cel\u00fdch 12 rokov. V\u00a0malej po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej komunite vychov\u00e1val pacientov k\u00a0prevencii, zalo\u017eil prv\u00fa mobiln\u00fa krvn\u00fa banku a\u00a0postavil opera\u010dn\u00fa s\u00e1lu. Za lekcie z \u201evidieckej medic\u00edny\u201c bol tak\u00fd v\u010fa\u010dn\u00fd, \u017ee nesk\u00f4r odpor\u00fa\u010dal ka\u017ed\u00e9mu lek\u00e1rovi v\u00a0Latinskej Amerike vysk\u00fa\u0161a\u0165 si pr\u00e1cu medzi chudobn\u00fdmi…<\/p>\n

Hoci okrem \u0161paniel\u010diny \u017eiaden cudz\u00ed jazyk neovl\u00e1dal, vybral sa v\u00a0roku 1960 do Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov, aby absolvoval postgradu\u00e1lne \u0161t\u00fadium v\u00a0oblasti hrudnej chirurgie na klinike v\u00a0Clevelande. Tu sa okam\u017eite pripojil ku svojim sl\u00e1vnej\u0161\u00edm kolegom ako Mason Sones, Willem Kolff a Donald Effler, no a\u017e s\u00a0Ren\u00e9ho pr\u00edchodom zavanul na klinike nov\u00fd vietor, ktor\u00fd mal so sebou prinies\u0165 prevrat v\u00a0sp\u00f4sobe oper\u00e1cie \u013eudsk\u00e9ho srdca.<\/p>\n

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Skalpel, pros\u00edm!<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00a0tej dobe bola posledn\u00fdm ve\u013ek\u00fdm objavom v\u00a0pr\u00edpade chirurgickej lie\u010dby ischemickej choroby srdca (nedostato\u010dn\u00e9 prekrvenie \u010dasti srdcov\u00e9ho svalu) takzvan\u00e1 Vinebergova oper\u00e1cia. Artur Vineberg, kanadsk\u00fd chirurg, u\u017e v\u00a0roku 1951 implantoval do tunela v srdcovej svalovine \u013eavej komory prsn\u00fa tepnu pacienta, \u010do malo obnovi\u0165 krvn\u00fd prietok a\u00a0spriechodni\u0165 koron\u00e1rne tepny pacienta. T\u00e1to oper\u00e1cia bola celosvetovo pomerne roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e1, no prin\u00e1\u0161ala so sebou aj poopera\u010dn\u00e9 komplik\u00e1cie v\u00a0podobe tromb\u00f3zy. Ren\u00e9ho v\u0161ak hrudn\u00e1 chirurgia a\u00a0\u0161peci\u00e1lne t\u00e1to oper\u00e1cia priam magicky pri\u0165ahovala… Spo\u010diatku sa preva\u017en\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 jeho pr\u00e1ce v\u00a0Clevelande to\u010dila okolo chlopn\u00ed a\u00a0vroden\u00fdch chor\u00f4b srdca, no postupne jeho z\u00e1ujem presiakol aj do in\u00fdch oblast\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148 sa z\u00a0opera\u010dnej s\u00e1ly pon\u00e1h\u013eal do lab\u00e1ku \u0161tudova\u0165 svaly srdca, koron\u00e1rne tepny a\u00a0ich vz\u00e1jomn\u00fd vz\u0165ah. Za\u010diatkom roku 1967 mu napadla sp\u00e1sonosn\u00e1 my\u0161lienka: \u010do keby namiesto prsnej tepny implantovali do srdca \u017eiln\u00fd \u0161tep, odobrat\u00fd z\u00a0dolnej kon\u010datiny? Okam\u017eite za\u010dal svoj n\u00e1pad pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 do praxe, princ\u00edpom bolo ob\u00eds\u0165 po\u0161koden\u00fa \u010das\u0165 koron\u00e1rnej tepny ak\u00fdmsi premosten\u00edm – bajpasom – a\u00a0zaisti\u0165 plynul\u00fd prietok krvi. O\u00a0pol roka vykonal prv\u00fa zdokumentovan\u00fa oper\u00e1ciu bajpasu s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm \u017eily dolnej kon\u010datiny smrte\u013ene chor\u00e9ho pacienta.<\/p>\n

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Gabina Weissov\u00e1<\/p>\n

foto Sita<\/p>\n

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Cel\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nok si pre\u010d\u00edtajte v\u00a0okt\u00f3brovom \u010d\u00edsle MIAU (2017)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  \u013dudsk\u00e9 srdce je usilovn\u00fd robotn\u00edk, ktor\u00fd udrie v\u00a0priemere 37 mili\u00f3n r\u00e1z za rok. Len\u017ee, \u010do ak sa unav\u00ed, zastav\u00ed alebo ochorie? A\u00a0rozhodne sa \u201evzda\u0165 to\u201c sk\u00f4r, ako je n\u00e1m mil\u00e9? Pred polstoro\u010d\u00edm by mu nebolo pomoci, medzit\u00fdm sa v\u0161ak na\u0161li \u201epionieri srdca\u201c, ktor\u00ed vymysleli \u010di spravili pre \u013eudsk\u00e9 srdce nie\u010do unik\u00e1tne. \u00a0   Christiaan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4855,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,58],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4854","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-na-pohlad","category-oktober-2017"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4854","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4854"}],"version-history":[{"count":32,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4854\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4890,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4854\/revisions\/4890"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4855"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4854"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4854"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4854"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}