{"id":9676,"date":"2022-01-31T19:58:25","date_gmt":"2022-01-31T17:58:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/?p=9676"},"modified":"2022-01-31T19:58:25","modified_gmt":"2022-01-31T17:58:25","slug":"simpanzy-nie-su-karikatura-cloveka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/simpanzy-nie-su-karikatura-cloveka\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0160impanzy nie s\u00fa karikat\u00fara \u010dloveka"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Bolo to v roku 1960, ke\u010f mlad\u00e1 Jane kr\u00e1\u010dala v \u010dlenkov\u00fdch tenisk\u00e1ch a\u00a0khaki \u0161ortk\u00e1ch s\u00a0vo\u013enou ko\u0161e\u013eou prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t pralesom v\u00a0pr\u00edrodnej rezerv\u00e1cii Gombe v\u00a0dne\u0161nej Tanz\u00e1nii. Svetl\u00e9 vlasy mala zopnut\u00e9 do typick\u00e9ho copu. Poverili ju, aby \u0161tudovala spr\u00e1vanie \u0161impanzov vo vo\u013enej pr\u00edrode.<\/em><\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a>\u201eSledovala som, ako odhr\u00fdzli kon\u010dek svojich n\u00e1strojov, ke\u010f sa im ohli, alebo pou\u017eili opa\u010dn\u00fd koniec, pr\u00edpadne ako ich zahodili a\u00a0vzali si nov\u00e9… Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161mi ma vzru\u0161ovalo, ke\u010f vo viacer\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch pou\u017eili mal\u00e9 listnat\u00e9 vetvy a\u00a0prisp\u00f4sobili si ich tak, \u017ee z\u00a0nich strhli listy. Bol to prv\u00fd d\u00f4kaz, \u017ee \u017eivo\u010d\u00edch \u017eij\u00faci vo\u013ene v\u00a0pr\u00edrode nielen\u017ee pou\u017eil nejak\u00fd predmet ako n\u00e1stroj, ale si ho skuto\u010dne aj prisp\u00f4sobil, \u010d\u00edm pouk\u00e1zal na primit\u00edvne za\u010diatky v\u00fdroby n\u00e1strojov. Do t\u00fdch \u010dias sme pova\u017eovali \u010dloveka za jedin\u00e9ho \u017eivo\u010d\u00edcha, schopn\u00e9ho zhotovi\u0165 n\u00e1stroj,\u201c p\u00ed\u0161e dnes takmer 90-ro\u010dn\u00e1, sn\u00e1\u010f najsl\u00e1vnej\u0161ia primatologi\u010dka Jane Goodall vo svojej knihe Desa\u0165 rokov medzi \u0161impanzmi, ktor\u00fa nap\u00edsala v\u00a0roku 1971. Jej zistenia vtedy prevr\u00e1tili naruby dovtedaj\u0161iu predstavu o\u00a0v\u00fdnimo\u010dnosti \u010dloveka.<\/p>\n

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V Pavil\u00f3ne prim\u00e1tov<\/strong><\/p>\n

O\u00a0p\u00e1r desiatok rokov nesk\u00f4r sed\u00edm pred skupinkou piatich \u0161impanzov v\u00a0bratislavskej ZOO, ktor\u00e9 prevracaj\u00fa m\u00f4j obraz o\u00a0\u010dloveku, o\u00a0\u010dasoch minul\u00fdch a\u00a0o\u00a0na\u0161ich predkoch. Po\u010d\u00fava\u0165 kolegyne, ktor\u00e9 s\u00a0nimi pracuj\u00fa u\u017e dlh\u00e9 roky, je fascinuj\u00face. Z\u00a0\u010dasu na \u010das v\u0161ak chodievam sledova\u0165 a po\u010d\u00fava\u0165 do ich kr\u00e1\u013eovstva, Pavil\u00f3nu prim\u00e1tov, aj samotn\u00e9 \u0161impanzy: samice Uschi, Dorku, Major\u00e1nku, Kimani a samca Jimmyho. Pr\u00e1ve on so mnou cel\u00fd \u010das komunikuje najintenz\u00edvnej\u0161ie. Tie\u017e nos\u00edm nohavice farby khaki a\u00a0vlasy si pletiem do copu. Pre Jimmyho je v\u0161ak d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 \u010dosi in\u00e9 – moje odhalen\u00e9 chodidl\u00e1 v\u00a0letn\u00fdch \u0161\u013eapk\u00e1ch. Fascinuj\u00fa ho \u013eudsk\u00e9 prsty, hypnotizuje ich ve\u013ek\u00fdmi o\u010dami schovan\u00fdmi v\u00a0siln\u00fdch\u00a0\u010diernych nado\u010dnicov\u00fdch obl\u00fakoch. Ak m\u00e1 pr\u00edvetiv\u00fa n\u00e1ladu a\u00a0chce sa mu so mnou zbl\u00ed\u017ei\u0165, trochu sa poodhali\u0165, prilo\u017e\u00ed svoje l\u00ed\u010dko ku\u00a0sklu. No ak pr\u00e1ve n\u00e1ladu nem\u00e1, alebo poci\u0165uje teritori\u00e1lnu \u00fazkos\u0165, obh\u00e1d\u017ee ma hlinou z\u00a0vonkaj\u0161ieho v\u00fdbehu, alebo silno zatrieska na sklo tak, \u017ee od re\u0161pektu vo\u010di\u00a0jeho sile a\u00a0neist\u00e9ho strachu skr\u010d\u00edm plecia a privriem aj o\u010di. \u201eDorotka zasa t\u00fdm, ktor\u00fdch \u013e\u00fabi, alebo hoci aj t\u00fdm \u0161\u0165astlivcom spomedzi n\u00e1v\u0161tevn\u00edkov, \u010do sa jej zap\u00e1\u010dia, posiela pusinky. Sama od seba. To v\u0161etko s\u00fa sp\u00f4soby, ak\u00fdmi s\u00a0nami komunikuj\u00fa, ako s\u00a0nami zdie\u013eaj\u00fa kus seba,\u201c vysvet\u013euje Katka Bal\u00e1\u017eov\u00e1, chovate\u013eka prim\u00e1tov.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Fyzicky v\u0161ak v\u00a0ZOO – nielen s\u00a0prim\u00e1tmi, ale aj s\u00a0in\u00fdmi zvieratami – prich\u00e1dzame do kontaktu tv\u00e1rou v\u00a0tv\u00e1r minim\u00e1lne, ak v\u00f4bec. V\u00a0prvom rade s\u00fa to div\u00e9 zvierat\u00e1, ktor\u00fdch integrita a\u00a0osobn\u00fd priestor s\u00fa pre n\u00e1s d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 – nechceme v\u00a0nich potla\u010di\u0165 t\u00fa divokos\u0165. Nemenej d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je re\u0161pektova\u0165 ich vlastn\u00e9 rozhodnutie. \u201eJe len na nich, ako ve\u013emi sa chc\u00fa s\u00a0nami zbl\u00ed\u017ei\u0165, ak\u00fd kontakt je pre nich prijate\u013en\u00fd,\u201c pribli\u017euje Katka a zoologi\u010dka s\u00a0primatologickou praxou Magdal\u00e9na Megi Hadov\u00e1 dod\u00e1va: \u201e\u013dudia s\u00fa vo v\u0161eobecnosti odprad\u00e1vna fascinovan\u00ed t\u00fdm, \u010do vyzer\u00e1 a spr\u00e1va sa podobne ako my. Aj preto patria \u0161impanzy medzi ob\u013e\u00faben\u00e9 druhy zvierat n\u00e1v\u0161tevn\u00edkov v ZOO. My sa v\u0161ak sna\u017e\u00edme predov\u0161etk\u00fdm o to, aby ani n\u00e1\u0161 chov, ani \u0161impanzy samotn\u00e9, nep\u00f4sobili ako karikat\u00fara \u010dloveka.\u201c Obe sa zhodn\u00fa aj, \u017ee k chovu tohto druhu \u013eudoopov treba pristupova\u0165 obozretne. Maj\u00fa svoje behavior\u00e1lne, povahov\u00e9 aj zdravotn\u00e9 \u0161pecifik\u00e1. Jednak samy pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa r\u00f4zne ochorenia, ale takisto s\u00fa n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 napr\u00edklad na \u013eudsk\u00e9 bakteri\u00e1lne \u010di v\u00edrusov\u00e9 ochorenia, aj COVID-19. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 s\u00fa fyzicky nieko\u013ekon\u00e1sobne silnej\u0161ie ne\u017e \u010dlovek, na \u010do \u010dasto na\u0161i n\u00e1v\u0161tevn\u00edci zab\u00fadaj\u00fa – pova\u017euj\u00fa ich za mil\u00e9, mierumilovn\u00e9 \u201eopi\u010dky\u201c, pritom bez patri\u010dnej bari\u00e9ry by mohli komuko\u013evek, hoci nechtiac, v\u00e1\u017ene ubl\u00ed\u017ei\u0165. \u201eK\u00a0mojim nezabudnute\u013en\u00fdm pracovn\u00fdm spomienkam patr\u00ed aj t\u00e1to,\u201c rozpam\u00e4t\u00e1va sa Megi, \u201eraz sa pri dver\u00e1ch riadite\u013estva zjavila pani, ktor\u00e1 n\u00e1s pri\u0161la poprosi\u0165 o\u00a0zapo\u017ei\u010danie opice ako svedka na svadbu. Hovorila, \u017ee to nemus\u00ed by\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00e1 opica, posta\u010d\u00ed aj tak\u00fd \u0161impanz.\u201c Jej skreslen\u00e1 predstava o\u00a0\u0161impanzoch zrejme pramenila z\u00a0mno\u017estva vir\u00e1lnych vide\u00ed s\u00a0cvi\u010den\u00fdmi \u0161impanzmi, ktor\u00e9 predv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa kadejak\u00e9 k\u00fasky. \u201eAj tak\u00e9to z\u00e1\u017eitky n\u00e1m v\u00a0ZOO pripom\u00ednaj\u00fa, \u017ee je st\u00e1le potrebn\u00e9 dba\u0165 nielen na to, aby sa \u0161impanzy mali u\u00a0n\u00e1s dobre a\u00a0\u017eili \u010do najprirodzenej\u0161ie, ale aj na vzdel\u00e1vanie n\u00e1v\u0161tevn\u00edkov o\u00a0biol\u00f3gii, spr\u00e1van\u00ed a\u00a0chove t\u00fdchto \u00fa\u017easn\u00fdch zvierat,\u201c dod\u00e1va zoologi\u010dka.<\/p>\n

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Ve\u013ek\u00e1 sila<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0160impanzy nepatria medzi domestikovan\u00e9 druhy zvierat. O\u00a0dom\u00e1cich zvierat\u00e1ch ako pes \u010di ma\u010dka vieme, \u017ee z\u00a0h\u013eadiska ich biol\u00f3gie s\u00fa u\u017e domestik\u00e1ciou a\u00a0spolu\u017eit\u00edm v\u00a0\u013eudskej spolo\u010dnosti po tis\u00edcky rokov vybaven\u00e9 lep\u0161\u00edmi mechanizmami zvl\u00e1dania stresu, ne\u017e vlk, lev \u010di \u0161impanz. Je teda omnoho menej pravdepodobn\u00e9, \u017ee zdom\u00e1cnen\u00e9 druhy na \u010dloveka – vplyvom stresu v\u00a0neo\u010dak\u00e1vanej situ\u00e1cii – za\u00fato\u010dia. \u201eDospel\u00fd \u0161impanz, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee v\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 aj 70 k\u00edl, do\u017ei\u0165 sa 60 rokov a\u00a0vyvin\u00fa\u0165 nieko\u013ekon\u00e1sobne v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu silu, ne\u017e je \u013eudsk\u00e1. Zapr\u00ed\u010di\u0148uje to ich \u0161pecifick\u00e1 anat\u00f3mia a\u00a0fungovanie svalov, ktor\u00e9 sa v\u00a0procese evol\u00facie zdokonalili na \u00fakor funkcie ich mozgu. Dodnes bolo pop\u00edsan\u00fdch mnoho \u00fatokov \u0161impanza na \u010dloveka, pri v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine z\u00a0nich \u0161lo pr\u00e1ve o zlyhanie nesk\u00fasen\u00fdch, respekt\u00edve samozvan\u00fdch chovate\u013eov, ktor\u00ed nevedeli odhadn\u00fa\u0165 ich povahu a\u00a0silu,\u201c opisuje zoologi\u010dka. \u010casto si zle vysvet\u013eujeme aj ich mimiku. Nie v\u017edy je \u013eahk\u00e9 rozozna\u0165, ako sa pr\u00e1ve c\u00edtia. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie si \u013eudia zamie\u0148aj\u00fa prejavy radosti s\u00a0prejavmi strachu, pr\u00edpadne agresivity. \u0160impanzy z\u00e1rove\u0148 nezriedka vokalizuj\u00fa, pri\u010dom niektor\u00e9 prejavy evokuj\u00face agresiu maj\u00fa vlastne len informa\u010dn\u00fd, dorozumievac\u00ed charakter.<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a>More genetick\u00fdch n\u00e1hod<\/strong><\/p>\n

Na svete niet in\u00e9ho druhu, ktor\u00fd by bol s\u00a0t\u00fdm \u013eudsk\u00fdm tak \u00fazko spojen\u00fd. S\u00fa to na\u0161i najbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed pr\u00edbuzn\u00ed v\u00a0\u017eivo\u010d\u00ed\u0161nej r\u00ed\u0161i. Rozdiely pri\u00a0porovnan\u00ed \u013eudsk\u00e9ho a\u00a0\u0161impanzieho gen\u00f3mu s\u00fa takmer zanedbate\u013en\u00e9. A\u00a0predsa n\u00e1m zop\u00e1r inak poukladan\u00fdch p\u00edsmeniek DNA v\u00fdznamne zmenilo \u017eivot. O\u00a0tom, \u017ee \u010dlovek stoj\u00ed pred obrovskou hrubou sklenou stenou a\u00a0on za \u0148ou, rozhoduje len asi 1,44 % in\u00fdch genetick\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed ukryt\u00fdch v\u00a0na\u0161ich schr\u00e1nkach. Sto \u010di dvesto tis\u00edc p\u00edsmeniek a\u00a0more n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch mut\u00e1ci\u00ed. Pred \u0161iestimi mili\u00f3nmi rokov sme tvorili jeden \u017eivo\u010d\u00ed\u0161ny druh, boli sme jedno. Potom sa v\u0161etko zmenilo a\u00a0my sme sa vydali inou cestou. Za v\u0161etk\u00fdm treba h\u013eada\u0165 rozum! \u201eNa\u0161e v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 zmeny, takisto ako aj u\u00a0ostatn\u00fdch \u013eudoopov, sa nediali jedna za druhou, ale paralelne. Predkovi \u010dloveka sa v\u0161ak dvere do bud\u00facnosti otvorili vtedy, ke\u010f e\u0161te viac a\u00a0r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie zdokona\u013eoval svoj mozog a\u00a0svoju soci\u00e1lnu \u0161trukt\u00faru,\u201c vysvet\u013euje Megi.<\/p>\n

My, \u013eudia m\u00e1me dnes ove\u013ea efekt\u00edvnej\u0161iu imunitu, ale v\u00a0porovnan\u00ed so \u0161impanzmi celkom chab\u00fd \u010duch. Za to zrejme m\u00f4\u017ee na\u0161a dvojnohos\u0165, hoci ani \u0161impanz\u00ed nos sa nevyrovn\u00e1 tomu, ktor\u00fdm opl\u00fdvaj\u00fa \u0161elmy na \u0161tyroch noh\u00e1ch. Evolu\u010dne nev\u00fdhodn\u00e9 bolo pre n\u00e1s aj hust\u00e9 ochlpenie pri prekon\u00e1van\u00ed vodn\u00fdch tokov a\u00a0bari\u00e9r, no polemika sa vedie aj o\u00a0tom, \u010di sme srs\u0165 nestratili pre jej zamorenie parazitmi, alebo v\u010faka pou\u017e\u00edvaniu oh\u0148a \u010di manipul\u00e1cii s\u00a0m\u00e4som… Zatia\u013e \u010do inform\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 k\u00f3duj\u00fa l\u00e1tkov\u00fa v\u00fdmenu bielkov\u00edn, m\u00e1me \u00faplne odli\u0161n\u00e9, tie, ktor\u00e9 sa podie\u013eaj\u00fa na fungovan\u00ed nervovej s\u00fastavy, s\u00fa si celkom podobn\u00e9. A\u00a0e\u0161te ako! \u201e\u0160impanzy s\u00fa schopn\u00e9 pom\u00e1ha\u0165 si, no z\u00e1rove\u0148 dok\u00e1\u017eu by\u0165 vo\u010di sebe kruto nevra\u017eiv\u00e9. Prejavuj\u00fa empatiu a\u00a0city, no s\u00fa schopn\u00e9 aj klama\u0165. Najviac ma fascinuje, ako dlho si pam\u00e4taj\u00fa krivdu, ktor\u00e1 sa im prihodila. Pokojne aj 20 rokov. Dokonca aj po to\u013ekom \u010dase vedia pl\u00e1nova\u0165 odplatu. Schopnos\u0165 \u0161impanzov pam\u00e4ta\u0165 si krivdu toti\u017e \u010dasto presahuje na\u0161u schopnos\u0165 spozorova\u0165 nepatrne narastaj\u00faci nepokoj v\u00a0soci\u00e1lnej skupine a\u00a0konflikt, v\u00a0ktor\u00fd tento nepokoj vy\u00fasti, m\u00f4\u017ee vyzera\u0165 ako nelogick\u00fd, a\u017e \u0161okuj\u00faci,\u201c vysvet\u013euje Megi. V\u00a0tom sme si ve\u013emi podobn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u0160impanzej pam\u00e4ti a\u00a0zmyslu pre odplatu sa v\u00a0r\u00e1mci svojho v\u00fdskumu venoval aj zn\u00e1my primatol\u00f3g Frans de Waal, ktor\u00fd v\u00a080. rokoch 20. storo\u010dia sk\u00famal soci\u00e1lne spr\u00e1vanie \u0161impanzov v\u00a0ZOO v\u00a0holandskom Arnheme. Stretol sa s\u00a0dvoma protip\u00f3lmi spr\u00e1vania \u0161impanzov. Prv\u00fdm je vra\u017eedn\u00e1 brutalita, ktor\u00fa zaznamenal, ke\u010f sa dvaja samci spol\u010dili proti tretiemu, aby ho zvrhli z\u00a0poz\u00edcie dominantn\u00e9ho samca v\u00a0skupine. Ten po\u010detn\u00fdm v\u00e1\u017enym zraneniam napokon pod\u013eahol. Protip\u00f3lom tohto typu spr\u00e1vania v\u00a0skupine prim\u00e1tov je zmierovac\u00ed empatick\u00fd proces po h\u00e1dke. Aj v\u010faka de Waalovi dnes vieme, \u017ee \u013eudoopy a\u00a0\u013eudia s\u00fa v podstate len r\u00f4zne druhy prim\u00e1tov a p\u00f4vod mor\u00e1lky \u010di dokonca politiky m\u00f4\u017eeme jednoducho sk\u00fasi\u0165 h\u013eada\u0165 rovno u\u00a0\u0161impanzov.<\/p>\n

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Diana Burgerov\u00e1<\/p>\n

foto Tom\u00e1\u0161 Hul\u00edk<\/p>\n

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Cel\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nok si pre\u010d\u00edtate v septembrovom \u010d\u00edsle MIAU (2021)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Bolo to v roku 1960, ke\u010f mlad\u00e1 Jane kr\u00e1\u010dala v \u010dlenkov\u00fdch tenisk\u00e1ch a\u00a0khaki \u0161ortk\u00e1ch s\u00a0vo\u013enou ko\u0161e\u013eou prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t pralesom v\u00a0pr\u00edrodnej rezerv\u00e1cii Gombe v\u00a0dne\u0161nej Tanz\u00e1nii. Svetl\u00e9 vlasy mala zopnut\u00e9 do typick\u00e9ho copu. Poverili ju, aby \u0161tudovala spr\u00e1vanie \u0161impanzov vo vo\u013enej pr\u00edrode.   \u201eSledovala som, ako odhr\u00fdzli kon\u010dek svojich n\u00e1strojov, ke\u010f sa im ohli, alebo pou\u017eili opa\u010dn\u00fd […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":9680,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[98,105],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9676","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-september-2021","category-zoo"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9676","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9676"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9676\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9682,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9676\/revisions\/9682"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9680"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9676"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9676"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.miaumagazin.sk\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9676"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}